Module+1+Instruction

Using Moersch's LoTi and H.E.A.T criteria the following lessons are presented the range of technology integration and student learning. The lesson was adapted from the 2009 Baltimore County Public School 9th Grade American Government Curriculum (112-113).

Level 1- Introduce students to alliances and organizations by directing students to read **Resource Sheet PUB37 (APPENDIX?)**, “The United Nations.” Ask: What are the basic goals of the United Nations? Do these goals match the foreign policy goals of the United States?
 * //analyze the role of the United States in international alliances and organizations//**

Level 3- Infusion //**analyze the role of the United States in international alliances and organizations**// Introduce students to alliances and organizations by directing students to read **Resource Sheet PUB37**, “The United Nations.” Ask: What are the basic goals of the United Nations? Do these goals match the foreign policy goals of the United States?

Investigate current United Nations actions by referring students to the United Nations News Centre, [|www.un.org/News]. Direct students to list current events and issues that have attracted the attention of the United Nations. Compare United Nations actions with United States foreign policy initiatives by directing students to the home page of the United States Mission to the United Nations, [|www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov]. Further direct students to analyze the statements of the ambassador and press releases to determine the degree to which the United States supports the efforts of the United Nations. Ask: What similarities and differences exist between the goals of the United Nations and the goals of the United States? Why do these similarities and differences exist?

Analyze the role of the United States in other international alliances and organizations by using a __Consultants__ activity to complete **Resource Sheet PUB38 (APPENDIX )**, “International Organizations.” Useful sources include: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): North Atlantic Treaty Organization, [|www.nato.int/] NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): Office of the U. S. Trade Representative, __[|www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/Section_Index.html]__ IMF (International Monetary Fund): International Monetary Fund, [|www.imf.org/] World Bank: World Bank, [|www.worldbank.org/] International Red Cross: International Committee of the Red Cross, [|www.icrc.org/] WTO (World Trade Organization): World Trade Organization, [] Assess students’ abilities to evaluate international organizations by directing them to complete an exit ticket based upon the following prompt: The one international alliance of the United States that is most in need of our support is…because… Level 6-


 * //could it be placed in the appendix?//**

//** Resource Sheet PUB 37 **// ** The United Nations ** **THE UNITED NATIONS: ORGANIZATION** In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. The Organization officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October. **Charter** The [|Charter]  is the constituting instrument of the United Nations, setting out the rights and obligations of Member States, and establishing the Organization's organs and procedures. **Purposes**

The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends. **Structure** The six principal organs of the United Nations are the : [|General Assembly,] [|Security Council], [|Economic and Social Council] , [|Trusteeship Council] , [|International Court of Justice] and [|Secretariat]. The United Nations family, however, is much larger, encompassing 15 agencies and several programmes and bodies. **Budget** The budget for the two years 2000-2001 is $2,535 million. The main source of funds is the contributions of Member States, which are assessed on a scale approved by the General Assembly. The fundamental criterion on which the scale of assessments is based is the capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their relative shares of total gross national product, adjusted to take into account a number of factors, including their per capita incomes. In addition, countries are assessed -- in accordance with a modified version of the basic scale -- for the costs of peacekeeping operations, which stood at around $2 billion in 2000. ** Resource Sheet PUB37 ** ** (2 of 7) ** **The United Nations family** The [|United Nations family of organizations]  is made up of the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations programmes and funds -- such as the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) -- and the specialized agencies. The programmes, funds and agencies have their own governing bodies and budgets, and set their own standards and guidelines. Together, they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical help in virtually all areas of economic and social endeavour. **INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY** One of the primary purposes of the United Nations is the maintenance of [|international peace and security]. Since its creation, the United Nations has often been called upon to prevent disputes from escalating into war, to persuade opposing parties to use the conference table rather than force of arms, or to help restore peace when conflict does break out. Over the decades, the United Nations has helped to end numerous conflicts, often through actions of the Security Council — the primary organ for dealing with issues of international peace and security. The Security Council, the General Assembly and the [|Secretary-General]  all play major, complementary roles in fostering peace and security. United Nations activities cover the areas of [|prevention and peacemaking], [|peacekeeping] , [|peace-building and disarmament]. **Civil conflicts** During the 1990s, there have been major changes in the patterns of conflict with more than 90 per cent of conflicts taking place within, rather than between, states.

The United Nations has therefore reshaped and enhanced the range of instruments at its command, emphasizing conflict prevention, continually adapting peacekeeping operations, involving regional organizations, and strengthening post-conflict peace-building.

To deal with civil conflicts, the Security Council has authorized complex and innovative peacekeeping operations. In El Salvador and Guatemala, in Cambodia and in Mozambique, the UN played a major role in ending war and fostering reconciliation.

Other conflicts, however — in Somalia, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia — often characterized by ethnic violence, brought new challenges to the UN peacemaking role. Confronted with the problems encountered, the Security Council did not establish any operation from 1995 to 1997.

But the essential role of peacekeeping has once more been dramatically reaffirmed.

** Resource Sheet PUB37 ** ** (3 of 7) ** Continuing crises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, East Timor, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, and Ethiopia-Eritrea led the Council to establish six new missions in 1998-2000. **Peace-building** The experience of recent years has also led the United Nations to focus as never before on peace-building — action to support structures that will strengthen and consolidate peace. Experience has shown that keeping peace, in the sense of avoiding military conflict, is not sufficient for establishing a secure and lasting peace. Such security can only be achieved by helping countries to foster economic development, social justice, human rights protection, good governance and the democratic process. **ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT** Although most people associate the United Nations with the issues of peace and security, the vast majority of its resources are devoted to [|economic development,] [|social development] and [|sustainable development.]  United Nations development efforts have profoundly affected the lives and well-being of millions of people throughout the world. Guiding the United Nations work is the conviction that lasting international peace and security are possible only if the economic and social well-being of people everywhere is assured.

Many of the economic and social transformations that have taken place globally in the last five decades have been significantly affected in their direction and shape by the work of the United Nations. As the global centre for consensus-building, the United Nations has set priorities and goals for international cooperation to assist countries in their development efforts and to foster a supportive global economic environment. **Common interests** International debate on economic and social issues has increasingly reflected the common interest of rich and poor countries in solving the many problems that transcend national boundaries. Issues such as the [|environment], [|refugees] , [|organized crime] , [|drug trafficking]  and  [|AIDS]  are seen as global problems requiring coordinated action. The impact of poverty and unemployment in one region can be quickly felt in others, not least through migration, social disruption and conflict. Similarly, in the age of a global economy, financial instability in one country is immediately felt in the markets of others. **Coordinating development activities** The [| Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)]  is the principal body coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations. It is serviced by the [|Department for Economic and Social]

[|**Resource Sheet PUB37**] [|**(4 of 7)**] [|Affairs]. The entire family of United Nations organizations works for economic, social and sustainable development. **HUMAN RIGHTS** Virtually every United Nations body and specialized agency is involved to some degree in the protection of [|human rights].

One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of [|human rights law], which, for the first time in history, provides us with a universal and internationally protected code of human rights, one to which all nations can subscribe and to which all people can aspire.

Not only has the United Nations painstakingly defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights; it has also established mechanisms with which to promote and protect these rights and to assist governments in carrying out their responsibilities. **Human rights law** The foundations of this body of law are the United Nations Charter and the [|Universal Declaration of Human Rights], adopted by the General Assembly in 1948. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, disabled persons, minorities, migrant workers and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discriminatory practices that had long been common in many societies. Rights have been extended through groundbreaking General Assembly decisions that have gradually established their universality, indivisibility and interrelatedness with development and democracy. **Human rights action** Education campaigns have tirelessly informed the world’s public of their inalienable rights, while numerous national judicial and penal systems have been enhanced with United Nations training programmes and technical advice. The United Nations machinery to monitor compliance with human rights covenants has acquired a remarkable cohesiveness and weight.

The [|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]  works to strengthen and coordinate United Nations work for the protection and promotion of all human rights of all persons around the world. The Secretary-General has made human rights the central theme that unifies the Organization’s work. ** Resource Sheet PUB37 ** ** (5 of 7) ** **HUMANITARIAN ACTION** Since it first coordinated [|humanitarian relief operations]  in Europe following the Second World War, the United Nations has been relied on by the international community to  [|respond]  to natural and man-made disasters that are beyond the capacity of national authorities alone. Today, the UN is a major provider of emergency relief and longer-term assistance, a catalyst for action by governments and relief agencies, and an advocate on behalf of people struck by emergencies. **Emergencies** In the last decade, civil wars have become a central cause of emergency situations. In 2000 alone, millions were uprooted from their homes by war. Natural disasters — floods, droughts, storms and earthquakes — killed more than 50,000 people and caused economic losses exceeding $90 billion in 1998. More than 90 per cent of all disaster victims live in developing countries — a striking indicator of the degree to which poverty, population pressures and environmental degradation exacerbate suffering and destruction.

The United Nations has responded on two fronts. On one hand it has sought to bring immediate relief to the victims, primarily through its operational agencies; on the other hand, it has sought more effective strategies to prevent emergencies from arising in the first place. **Assistance** When disaster strikes, the United Nations and its agencies rush to deliver humanitarian assistance. In 2000 alone, the [|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]  launched 16 inter-agency appeals that raised more than $1.4 billion to assist 35 million people in 16 countries and regions. The [|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]  provides international protection and assistance to over 22 million refugees and displaced persons. The [|UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)]  provides education, health, and relief and social services to 3.8 million registered Palestine refugees. The [|World Food Programme]  delivers one third of the world’s emergency food assistance, saving millions of lives. **Prevention** Disaster prevention seeks to [|reduce]  the vulnerability of societies to disaster, and to address their man-made causes. Early warning is especially important for short-term prevention, and agencies are increasing their capacity in this area -- from monitoring impending famines to carrying out tropical cyclone forecasting and drought monitoring. The [|UN Development Programme]  assists disaster-prone countries in developing contingency planning and other preparedness measures.

Conflict prevention strategies address the root causes of war in a comprehensive manner. They foster security, economic growth, good governance and respect for human rights—which remain the best protection against disaster, whether natural or, as is increasingly the case, man-made. ** Resource Sheet PUB37 ** ** (6 of 7) ** **INTERNATIONAL LAW** Among the United Nations most pervasive achievements has been the development of a body of [|international law]  — conventions, treaties and standards — that play a central role in promoting economic and social development, as well as international peace and security. Many of the treaties brought about by the United Nations form the basis of the law governing relations among nations. While the United Nations work in this area does not always receive attention, it has a daily impact on the lives of people everywhere.

Over the years, the United Nations has sponsored over 500 [|multilateral agreements] , which address a broad range of common concerns among states and are legally binding for the countries that ratify them. **Pioneering work** In many areas, the United Nations legal work has been pioneering. It has been in the forefront of tackling problems as they take on an international dimension, providing [|the legal framework for regulating the use of the oceans], [|protecting the environment] , [|regulating migrant labour] , [|curbing drug trafficking] and [|combating terrorism] , to mention a few.

This work continues today, with the United Nations providing input into the trend towards a greater centrality of international law in governing interaction across a wide spectrum of issues, such as human rights law and international humanitarian law. The [|International Court of Justice]  has advanced international law with landmark Judgments and advisory opinions. More than 80 nations whose peoples were under colonial rule have joined the United Nations as sovereign independent states since the UN was founded in 1945. Many other Territories have achieved self-determination through political association with other independent states or through integration with other states. The [|United Nations]  has played a crucial role in that historic change by encouraging the aspirations of dependent peoples and by setting goals and standards to accelerate their attainment of independence. The Organization has also supervised elections leading to independence — in Togoland (1956 and 1968), Western Samoa (1961), Namibia (1989) and most recently a popular consultation in East Timor (1999). The decolonization efforts of the United Nations derive from the Charter principle of “equal rights and self-determination of peoples,” as well as from three specific chapters in the Charter devoted to the interests of dependent peoples. Since 1960, the United Nations has also been guided by the General Assembly’s [|Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples] , by which Member States proclaimed the necessity of bringing ** Resource Sheet PUB37 ** ** (7 of 7) ** colonialism to a speedy end. The Organization has also been guided by General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV) of 1960, which defined the three options offering full self-government for Non-Self-Governing Territories.
 * DECOLONIZATION **
 * Self-determination and independence **

Despite the progress made against colonialism, some 1.3 million people still live under colonial rule, and the United Nations continues its efforts to help achieve self-determination or independence in [|the remaining Non-Self-Governing Territories]. To this end, the General Assembly in 2000 declared 2001-2010 as the second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism. Source: United Nations, [|www.un.org/aboutun/basicfacts/index.html] //** PUB38; **//

** International Organizations **

**World Trade Organization**
 * **Organization** || **What does it do?** || **Which foreign policy goal(s)? Check those that apply.** || **Why is the United States involved?** ||

[] ||  || * National Security
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||

**North Atlantic** **Treaty Organization** [|www.nato.int/] ||  || * National Security **Trade Agreement** __[|www.ustr.gov/Trade_Agreements/]__ __Section_Index.html__ ||  || * National Security
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||
 * **North American Free**
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||

**Resource Sheet38** **(2 of 2)**

**Monetary Fund**
 * **Organization** || **What does it do?** || **Which foreign policy goal(s)? Check those that apply.** || **Why is the United States involved?** ||
 * **International**

[|www.imf.org/] || || * National Security
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||
 * **World Bank**

[|www.worldbank.org/] ||  || * National Security **Red Cross**
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||
 * **International**

[|www.icrc.org/] ||  || * National Security
 * Spread of Democracy
 * Human Rights
 * World Peace
 * Economic Prosperity || ||